Altruism
Altruism is the moral believe/ morality believe that man should only be concerned for the wellbeing of others and happiness of others even at the expense of themselves. So, for example an altruistic person would give the last bit of money in their wallet to someone who needed without thinking about how they themselves will be affected by such action as they believe others are more
important than themselves.
A philosopher by the name of An Rand defines altruism as the self-sacrifice of oneself and putting the welfare of others above your own which she believes to be immoral. As altruism is the believe that others are more important and worth more in life than oneself meaning that a true altruist by her definition and believe would sacrifice their body to cannibals for consumption as giving their life to serve the needs of others is the best they can do in the interest and wellbeing of others without a thought for themselves.
She also believes that motive for helping someone is not altruism everyone
in the world can help others a little but a person who lives their life by the morality of altruism would sacrifice their loved one to save another as saving a loved one is putting oneself need to have that person in their life into the mix meaning that they are caring for themselves which a true altruist would never do so they would rather see a loved one die to help someone else then save their loved
one as that's not altruism.
However, others like the ted talker peter singer believe that altruism is helping people with as much as you can without effecting yourself for example in his talk, he talks about a man who gave some extra money to a charity whist also leaving himself enough to live comfortable so instead of buying useless items he would leave himself enough for food and bills and give the rest to others. Also, in Peters definition it seems he believes that saving more people is more important then helping less people for example he mentions that he feels bad for still having two kidneys but its doesn't matter as he's given more than £5000 to help cure blindness in African countries.
Objectivism
Objectivism is the moral belief/ morality belief that a man should put their own happiness as the purpose of life even at the expense of others, objectivism is also the complete opposite to altruism and whereas an altruistic person would give their last bit of money to someone who needed it without thinking and objectivist would consider there own happiness so if they were Gunna buy a big lunch that would make them happy or give the money to someone who’s starving they would choice themselves as they belief that the moral goal of their existence is to put their own happiness first.
​
The philosophy was founded by Ayn rand and in response to the question “what is objectivism?” she replied “My philosophy, in essence, is the concept of man as a heroic being, with his own happiness as the moral purpose of his life, with productive achievement as his noblest activity, and reason as his only absolute." Furthermore, unlike altruism one cannot just be an objectivist without rational respect for the facts of reality including our human nature and needs and be morally considerate of others as well as others rights.
Stoicism
Stoicism is the philosophy/belief regarding personal ethics and a method for seeking out wisdom in life. Stoics believe that we don’t react to events we react to our judgements about them, and those judgements are up to us stoics also say that you should not worry about things that are outside of your control as this philosophy suggests that there are two categories that life is divided into – things that are up to us and things that are not.
Stoicism is an ancient Greek belief that was founded by Zeno of Citum in 300 BC. Stoicism was one of the major schools of philosophy from the Hellenistic period through to the roman era.
Stoics believe that there are four virtues that everyone should live bay and they are wisdom (the belief that wisdom is subdivided into good sense, good calculation, quick wittedness etc.) courage (endurance, confidence cheerfulness etc.) temperance (good discipline, seemliness etc.) and justice (honesty, equity etc.)
Authoritarianism
Authoritarianism is the philosophical belief that freedom is secondary to societal order and that the order must come from a person or entity imposing those rules, meaning that they believe that in order to maintain order in society individual freedom must be limited.
The concept was founded by a man called Thomas Hobbes a philosopher in the enlightenment period who maintained that all peoples are motivated entirely just by self interest and that everyone poses a direct threat to one another thereby making the existence of a government a necessity for maintaining order.
Authoritarianism is basically a term which entails a government system with these characteristics:
1. Monopolization of civil governance with an aim for unicentrism.
2. Legitimacy is based on the need for a central authority to combat evil or other societal problems; qualitative protection of rights is incidental or minimized.
3. Suppression, either active or passive, of social movements, political opponents, and anti-authoritarian activity.
4. An executive office whose power is poorly defined, vague, or entails shifting powers.
Anarchism
Anarchy